Placing due thrust on sustained and inclusive economic development along with 193 countries, India adopted the Sustainable Development Agenda in September 2015. In addition to implementing several centrally sponsored schemes, the Government of India announced flagship programs for sustainable development of the country and its people on three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. With a much wider spectrum of goals and definitions, India is fast pacing toward the set targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, a country as diverse as India is bound to face challenges that also present themselves as opportunities to collaborate with relevant stakeholders, presenting civil society and industry leaders with an opportunity to contribute toward the common goal of developing India in a sustainable manner.

Civil society, with strong on-ground affiliations, is best suited for extending the government’s outreach to rural communities. However, with multiple projects and disaggregated outcomes that are highly localized, consolidation must be sought for implementing and reporting outcomes that are relevant to sustainable development targets. India has the presence of national and international NGOs that follow national and international governance norms. The contribution of international NGOs (INGOs) to India’s development is not merely an aggregation of their national-level activities; an important concern for INGOs is to be able to balance global and national missions. ¹

Indian NGOs are collaborating more with other stakeholders to increase outreach and impact. Such a shift is not restricted to India. Strategies of NGOs in the global governance arena have shifted from being confrontational toward government initiatives to working more in collaboration with them.²

Through their commitment to social responsibility, industry leaders have a huge stake in achieving sustainable development targets in their respective social domains. The role of businesses is significant, as businesses have the economic means that is not always available with other stakeholders. Although private market players have a stake in global development, their role can be seen as problematic. An argument made against privatizing global governance for development is its fragmented nature wherein rules are framed at different levels, with each stakeholder having a variety of backgrounds and interests. The role of government control in the activities of this practice is highly relevant. A strong-handed government control has the power to provide a direction to governance as well as discourage investments due to lack of decentralized decision-making.²

Global goals present themselves as a lucrative opportunity for multinationals to take leadership and mentoring roles with local businesses and entrepreneurs to tackle locallevel problems. ³ A prerequisite for such a partnership is an enabling environment for local businesses to thrive and connect with multinationals. Industry leaders also need to show trust in the start-up culture and invest in promising prospects.

Asian Development Bank’s report on SDGs places special emphasis on policy coherence to foster partnerships to combat complex issues such as financial inclusion and food security. ⁴ Existing linkages of industry and civil society present opportunities to achieve intended outcomes in line with SDG targets. Such a framework of action could hugely benefit the government in monitoring progress and refocusing its policies.

India has an encouraging view on global partnerships for sustainable development that is evident by its focus on revitalizing partnerships. In a recent review of progress on SDGs, ⁵ the Indian government emphasized financial resource mobilization as a key element in partnerships. Special mention was also made of India’s commitment to improve monitoring mechanisms of commitments and following international norms for expanding tax compliance. The latter is an initiative to mobilize domestic funds for investments in long-term public goods. In terms of fiscal decentralization, India has made progress under 14th Finance Commission that has increased tax devolution to states. Partnerships are also crucial in terms of capacity building and analysis of expenditures made under increased revenues.

India boasts of leading major international collaborations at both regional and global levels, such as the south-south cooperation, SAARC, ASEAN, and a more recent initiative, International Solar Alliance. In addition to these initiatives, with regard to SDG 6 (water and sanitation), India has been instrumental in ideation of the South Asian Conference on Sanitation (SACOSAN). This government-led meeting has representation from civil society and corporates and has had an impact of national policy-making and action. SACOSAN III, held in 2008 in New Delhi, led to the Delhi Declaration that reiterated India’s commitment to collaborate with its South Asian counterparts on issues related to water and sanitation. In a number of avenues, regional cooperation was sought, such as in promoting good hygiene behaviors through collaborative use of the media and ICTs (Delhi Declaration, 2008). With examples of such successful partnerships, India is set on the right path to achieve SDGs through partnerships and cooperation.

(Saurabh Sood is social scientist, Development Research and Policy Initiatives, S M Sehgal Foundation. s.sood@smsfoundation.org)

REFERENCES

1. Anheier, H. K. (2012). Nonprofit organizations: Theory, Management, Policy. 2^nd Edition. Routledge.

2. Glasbergen, P. (2011). Mechanisms of private meta-governance: an analysis of global private governance for sustainable development, 2(3), 189–206. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50273504_Metagovernance_as_a_challenge_an_analysis_of_global_private_governance_for_sus tainable_development.

3. Prahalad, C. K., & A. Hammond, (2002). Serving the World’s Poor, Profitably. Harvard Business Review.

4. Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development Goals Outlook. (2017). Asian Development Bank. Click here.

5. NITI Aayog (2017). Voluntary National Review Report. Click here.

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In recent times, impact evaluation has gained a strong foothold in the development sector. Impact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention. Impact assessment is understandably useful in development work, as it is critical to determine the effectiveness of development programs and/or interventions. When first designing a development intervention, it is important to begin by conducting a needs assessment. The needs assessment will help to identify the primary goals of the intervention and can help guide the project’s design so that it is most effective and fulfills as many needs as possible. A well carried out needs assessment will increase the likelihood that a intervention has an observable outcome.

Social problems result from the interplay of various social, economic, political, cultural and environmental factors. It is important to examine what role each of these factors play in in social problem when designing an intervention. A needs assessment will systematically explore, determine and explain the primary contributors to a problem and what needs to change in order to resolve the problem.

In the development sector today, many organizations assume that they already fully understand a current state of affairs and its causative factors. They rush to begin an intervention without conducting a needs assessment. For instance, some programs exist that try to improve child enrollment in local schools. Low rates of enrollment can result from several factors including bad infrastructure, poor quality of teaching, high cost of education, distance of school, lack of incentives, lack of parental interest, and child labor among others. Without conducting an area specific needs assessment, it is impossible to know with any certainty what factors are most responsible for low school enrollment. Therefore, it is likely that interventions created without a needs assessment may not target the appropriate problem factors and will fail.

Following from this, it is important that in order for most development interventions to be effective, a needs assessment should be conducted before the intervention is designed.

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