Water plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, and its sustainable management is imperative in the face of climate change. Issues such as depleting water resources, land degradation, and adverse impacts on crop production are direct consequences of climate change in agriculture. To address this, conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, particularly water, must precede policy agendas.

Drawing from the existing government policies, the following:

Actionable Strategies To Ensure Sustainable Water Management In Agricultural Development

Enhance water-use efficiency

Water is a cornerstone in current agricultural policies, per the mantra of “more crop per drop.” With 78% of India’s total freshwater resources dedicated to agriculture, advocating for efficiency savings is paramount for food production to meet the growing population’s needs. Micro-irrigation practices, such as sprinkler and drip systems, have been promoted through various government programs, localized primarily in a few states. However, there is immense potential for expansion, as these practices could cover 69.5 million hectares across India. Shifting from a supply-based to a demand-based system is essential to tap into this extensive micro-irrigation potential.

Redesign policy incentives

The current subsidy-based approach to irrigating farmlands, particularly the free power subsidy in states like Punjab, has led to detrimental environmental consequences. Groundwater depletion, highlighted by a NASA study , underscores the urgency for a policy shift. Addressing this requires political will and alternative income opportunities for farmers. Diversification to crops such as nutri-cereals, maize, soybean, fruits, and vegetables has been proposed, contingent on a supportive policy framework, market linkage, infrastructure creation, and public investments. The World Bank’s ongoing project, Paani Bachao, Paise Kamao (save water, earn money), offers practical insights into future policies. Designing a framework that compensates farmers for efficient water use through participatory irrigation management (PIM) and volumetric pricing has shown promise and must be scaled up.

Adopt sustainable water management technologies

It is pivotal for crop-specific irrigation practices that enhance and/or restore natural ecosystems. Precision irrigation models, including variable-rate drip irrigation and other micro-irrigation systems, are gaining acceptance, contributing to maximized water-use efficiency. Smart irrigation systems utilize information and communication technology (ICT) and remote sensing, which has proven successful in advanced economies and significantly contributes to efficient water management. Adopting technologies like PVC water-conveyor pipes, underground pipeline systems, and laser land leveling demonstrate a positive trend in enhancing water use efficiency. Sensitizing farmers to sustainable irrigation water management practices is crucial for realizing economic and environmental benefits.

Use a watershed management approach

In-situ soil and moisture conservation holds promise for addressing community needs. Integrating on-farm and non-farm activities in watershed areas creates sustainable livelihood options, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Successful interventions, such as those by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), showcase the positive impact on groundwater recharge and crop productivity. Convergence of interventions through national schemes like NREGS, Neeranchal, and PMKSY can significantly contribute to conserving and utilizing water for agriculture.

Increased usage of solar pumps

Recommended to address the challenges of the water-energy-food nexus, solar pumps are gaining traction through the KUSUM scheme. The proposal in the Union Budget for installing solar pumps and solarized grid connects aims to enhance farmers’ income while reducing carbon footprints. However, ensuring sustainable groundwater extraction is crucial when promoting solar-based irrigation systems, necessitating regular water table monitoring.

Invest in research and innovation

These are pivotal for evidence-based prescriptions in irrigation water management. The agricultural research system must prioritize research on irrigation practices, technologies, drainage water management, sustainable agroecosystem tools, and breeding drought-tolerant crop varieties. Despite their significance, water management aspects of crops still need to be investigated and warrant increased research funding.

The current situation demands an urgent shift toward more economically viable alternatives. As climate change leads to increasing weather variabilities, the risks to water availability for agriculture are amplified. The political economy must acknowledge this inevitable reality and overhaul irrigation and power policies strategically. The restructuring should aim to provide farmers with incentives to adopt water-saving practices. Emphasizing sustainable water usage in the face of climate change is a potential long-term solution to address the challenges of ensuring an adequate and stable food and water supply.

Speaking of addressing the challenges, can the government address these challenges by themselves?

Engaging in partnerships with results-oriented NGOs is crucial for implementing holistic initiatives. Through collaboration with leading rural development organizations, the government has the opportunity to foster a robust sense of community in rural areas—a formidable advantage in driving comprehensive and impactful programs.

The Top Sustainable Rural Development NGO In India

Since 1999, S M Sehgal Foundation has been steadfast in enhancing the lives of rural Indian communities. Operating as a prominent sustainable rural development NGO under a public charitable trust, the foundation’s committed team of professionals design programs to tackle critical issues in rural India.

At its core, the foundation bolsters community-driven development initiatives, creating positive transformations in rural India’s social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The overarching vision is to empower every individual in rural India, equipping them with the tools to lead more secure, prosperous, and dignified lives.

Increase Farmers’ Income through Solar Water Pumps

A case study delved into the profound impact of a solar water pump initiative on the income and livelihood of Deenu S/O Buddha, an experienced farmer in Hamzapur village, Nuh, Haryana. Before this intervention, Deenu, relying on traditional farming methods for over 25 years, faced challenges such as delayed irrigation, crop damage, and low yields, which led to reduced income and demotivation among local farmers.

Through the HDFC Bank Parivartan – CSR project in collaboration with S M Sehgal Foundation, Deenu, identified by the Village Development Committee, became a solar water pump beneficiary. With a beneficiary contribution of INR 88,500, a solar water pump was installed, resolving Deenu’s water-related issues and enabling timely irrigation.

The technology boosted Deenu’s crop production by 10% on his 6-acre land and allowed him to offer irrigation services to neighboring farmers, generating an additional income of INR 25,000. This intervention directly benefited Deenu and contributed to the sustainable management of natural resources by irrigating an extra 12 acres of land.

The post How Does This Sustainable Water Management Intervention Increase Farmer’s Income? appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Facing water scarcity in Talla Bapru village, Jeevanti Devi joined the Farmer Interest Group supported by S M Sehgal Foundation. With no irrigation source, her family depended on rainfall, limiting their cultivated area. Understanding her need, the group constructed a farm pond on her field, providing a reliable water source. This artificial reservoir overcomes water scarcity, allowing year-round cultivation and increasing crop diversity. Similar initiatives benefited farmers like Bhawan Singh and Keshav Dutt, enhancing their income and enabling them to cultivate more food crops. The Focused Development Program’s farm pond interventions uplift barren agricultural land, ensuring sustainable income for farmers in Champawat.

What Are Farm Ponds?

Shet tale, meaning “water storage,” involves constructing small to medium-sized ponds within agricultural fields. These ponds, designed for rainwater harvesting, offer numerous benefits to farmers, the environment, and India’s agriculture in general.

India’s agriculture uses more than 80% of the country’s freshwater. Climate change is making things challenging for farmers who depend on groundwater to protect their crops from unpredictable weather. The Water Resources Group warns that by 2030, this looming crisis could be the worst in India’s history and will hit agriculture hard. It’s urgent to find ways to manage water better and adopt practices that will handle the changing climate to save our crops.

How Farm Ponds Aid Agricultural Development In India

To address water-related challenges, Indian farmers are adopting innovative solutions, such as creating farm ponds. These ponds are becoming increasingly popular nationwide and are vital for managing water resources and promoting agricultural sustainability.

Ways that Farm ponds (shet tale) improve agricultural development:

Rainwater Harvesting

The primary purpose is to capture and store rainwater, particularly during the monsoon, which provides a crucial resource for irrigation during dry periods and reduces reliance on groundwater.

Groundwater Recharge

Allowing rainwater to permeate the ground, a shet tale contributes to groundwater recharge that is essential for sustaining borewells and other wells during water-scarce months.

Crop Diversification

Consistent water availability allows farmers to diversify crops and experiment with high-value, water-intensive varieties that increase income and ensure food security.

Climate Resilience

A shet tale acts as a buffer against climate change, helping farmers cope with droughts and water scarcity and enhance overall resilience.

Livestock Management

The stored water serves livestock for consumption and bathing and promotes the health and well-being of farm animals.

Fish Farming

Some farmers utilize a shet tale for fish farming, creating an additional income source and a protein-rich food supply.

Initiatives by the Indian Government To Reduce The Impact Of Water Scarcity On Agricultural Development

Creating more farm ponds will transform Indian agriculture by offering a sustainable answer to water scarcity and promoting crop diversity. With increasing awareness and government backing, these water-harvesting structures are crucial to India’s farming practices. To enhance agricultural development in India and mitigate the impact of water scarcity on farmers, the expertise and efforts of leading rural development NGOs bring meaningful values by ensuring effective execution and positive impacts on communities.

The Top Sustainable Rural Development NGO In India

For a quarter century, S M Sehgal Foundation has been dedicated to improving rural life in India. As the leading sustainable rural development NGO in India, this public charitable trust has a skilled and passionate team working on programs to address crucial challenges in rural areas.

The focus on community-driven development initiatives positively changes rural India’s social, economic, and environmental aspects. The ultimate goal is to empower every person in rural India by providing them with the tools to lead secure, prosperous, and dignified lives.

About the Author

Mr. Ajay Nigaltiya
Field assistant, S M Sehgal Foundation

Ajay Nigaltiya is a dedicated field assistant working in Champawat, associated with S M Sehgal Foundation. With a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture, Ajay is deeply committed to uplifting farming communities in the region. His primary focus is promoting Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) within the Champawat district.

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Climate change knows no borders; its effects reach every corner of our planet. An impending climate crisis looms, and we find ourselves ill-prepared for the consequences.

Human activities drive climate change, putting our planet’s delicate balance at risk. Escalating greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated this process beyond earlier predictions. The repercussions are dire, encompassing erratic weather patterns and sea level increases.

Unchecked, climate change threatens to unravel decades of hard-won development achievements. Its rampant course may force mass migrations, sparking instability, and conflict on a global scale.

Sustainable Development Goal 13

The Sustainable Development Goals, often referred to as Global Goals, represent a set of seventeen interconnected aspirations that are envisioned as a universal roadmap, aiming to foster peace and prosperity for humanity and our planet and for future generations. Sustainable Development Goal 13 official mission statement is to “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.” This one of seventeen Sustainable Development Goals was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015.

Let’s take a look at the goals of the SDG 13

How Can India Achieve SDG 13?

Water management plays a significant role. While SDG 13 primarily focuses on mitigating and addressing the impacts of climate change, effective water management is closely linked to climate action in the following ways:

Mitigation of Climate Change

Resilience to Climate Change

Ecosystem Protection

Reduce Vulnerability to Climate-Related Water Scarcity

Integration with Climate Policies

In summary, water management is integral to climate action (SDG 13) due to its role in reducing emissions, enhancing climate resilience, and protecting ecosystems. The sustainable and responsible management of water resources is essential for addressing the challenges of climate change and ensuring a sustainable and resilient future. However, it’s necessary to understand that the success of these measures will depend on their effective implementation by NGOs and their consistent efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to a changing climate.

Which is the top rural development NGO in India?

S M Sehgal Foundation

In pursuit of the vision for a more secure, prosperous, and dignified life for all, S M Sehgal Foundation focuses on strengthening community-led development initiatives to create positive social, economic, and environmental change in rural India.

Established in 1999 as a public charitable trust, S M Sehgal Foundation has a dedicated and skilled team committed to designing sustainable programs that address the most pressing needs in rural India.

The foundation’s mission is crystal clear: it is dedicated to reinforcing community-led development initiatives to bring about positive changes in rural India’s social, economic, and environmental fabric. The ultimate goal is to empower every individual in rural India to lead a life characterized by security, prosperity, and dignity.

Contributions by the top sustainable rural development NGO in India!

Increasing Farmers’ Income through Solar Water Pumps

Deenu, the sole provider for his family of nine, relied on agriculture for his livelihood. In recent years, he faced challenges due to delayed irrigation, causing crop damage and reduced income. To address this issue, a Village Development Committee meeting was held in September, where Deenu learned about Solar Water Pump technology and expressed his interest in adopting it.

With support from the HDFC Bank Parivartan – CSR project in collaboration with S M Sehgal Foundation, Deenu was selected as a beneficiary. He contributed INR 88,500 toward the solar water pump installed on his field, ensuring reliable irrigation.

The solar water pump resolved Deenu’s water-related issues, allowing him to irrigate his six-acre land efficiently, resulting in a 10% increase in crop production. Deenu also offered irrigation services to neighboring farmers, earning INR 1,000 per acre per session and irrigating an additional 25 acres, generating INR 25,000. This intervention directly benefited Deenu and supported the irrigation of an extra twelve acres, promoting sustainable resource management.

Lakshiwas Pond Conserves Water

Lakshiwas village, nestled in the Anantpura gram panchayat of the Behror block in Alwar, Rajasthan, is home to approximately 140 families, predominantly engaged in farming. The village’s proximity to two small hills had an unforeseen downside during the monsoon season when rainwater cascaded down from these hills into the village. Instead of being a boon, this water brought woes, inundating agricultural fields and causing inconvenience within the village.

In January 2019, S M Sehgal Foundation, supported by CSR initiatives, initiated a transformative project in Lakshiwas. In February 2019, the project team engaged with the local gram panchayat and the village community, proposing the construction of a pond to intercept the rainwater flow from the hills. The objective was to store and harness this water for groundwater replenishment and mitigate the issues caused by flooding. They even significantly contributed INR 42,210 toward the pond’s sustainability once the project team had completed their work.

Construction of the pond, fortified with earthen embankments, commenced in March 2019 and concluded by April 2019. This reservoir boasts a remarkable capacity of fourteen million liters. Thanks to this intervention, rainwater from the hills is meticulously collected and stored in the pond, averting crop damage and stopping water wastage. This organized water percolation into the ground replenishes the groundwater table. Dry wells near the pond now have a replenished water supply, and the pond serves as a vital resource for livestock, local wildlife, and birds in the region.

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With the growing urgency of addressing climate change, the role of water conservation in fostering a sustainable environment is significant. Groundwater, the primary source of freshwater, caters to the burgeoning needs of households, agriculture, and industries. However, exploiting this vital resource for various daily necessities and evolving modern lifestyles is causing significant water wastage.

Unlike other resources, we cannot create water artificially, making us reliant on the planet’s limited water sources. The rapid population growth and the surging demand for water to accommodate our expanding modern way of life have triggered a global water scarcity crisis, necessitating a heightened focus on water conservation.

In this context, embracing rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge emerges as a straightforward yet highly effective measure for global water preservation that can efficiently supplement traditional water sources that are nearing depletion.

Let’s dive into understanding the concept in depth.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a straightforward method for capturing and stockpiling rainfall for future needs that involves the systematic collection and storage of rainwater through specially designed systems. These systems are strategically placed to harness rain from natural or human-made surfaces, such as rooftops, compounds, rocky terrains, hillsides, or artificially treated impermeable/semi-permeable land surfaces. The collected rainwater, uncontaminated by impurities, can be easily stored and utilized directly for various purposes, with minimal storage and no maintenance costs other than occasional cleaning.

Given the escalating decline of groundwater levels and unpredictable climate patterns, rainwater harvesting is a practical solution to counteract the consequences of mounting water scarcity. This practice contributes to recharging local aquifers, curbing urban flooding, and, most crucially, ensuring water access in regions afflicted by water shortages.

Advantages Of Employing Rain-Water Harvesting Systems

Economical Water Management

Rainwater harvesting systems offer cost-effective water solutions, delivering high-quality water for various nonsensitive purposes. They significantly reduce reliance on wells and are easy to maintain, as they are not intended for drinking or cooking. The initial setup costs of harvesting systems are notably lower than other water purification or pumping methods. Furthermore, recharging subsurface reservoirs is more economical than creating surface reservoirs.

Environmental Advantages

Underground water storage is eco-friendly, yielding substantial environmental benefits. Rainwater harvesting minimizes flood impacts by channeling excess water into large tanks for recycling, thereby alleviating the strain on drainage systems. This approach eliminates the need for dedicated land for water storage, prevents population displacement, minimizes direct groundwater exposure to pollution and evaporation, and reduces the risk of rivers drying up.

Erosion and Flooding Mitigation

Collecting rainwater reduces soil erosion and flood risks, effectively managing stormwater flow and averting urban flooding. Most buildings with rainwater harvesting systems feature built-in catchment areas on their roofs, capable of collecting substantial water volumes during heavy rainfalls.

Effective Irrigation Resource

Rainwater harvesting empowers communities to collect significant water volumes, which can help alleviate drought conditions. Most rooftops serve as ideal platforms for water collection. Rainwater is typically free from harmful chemicals, making it well-suited for irrigation.

Relief for Groundwater

Rainwater harvesting enhances aquifer productivity, increasing groundwater levels and reducing reliance on potable water. This aspect is particularly crucial in areas with dwindling water levels, significantly contributing to sustainable water management.

Two major techniques of rainwater harvesting

Surface runoff harvesting

In this method, rainwater flows away as surface runoff and can be stored for future use. Surface water can be stored by diverting the flow of small creeks and streams into reservoirs on the surface or underground, providing water for farming, cattle, and general domestic use. Surface runoff harvesting is most suitable in urban areas.

Rooftop rainwater/storm runoff can be harvested in urban areas with:

Groundwater recharge

Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. The aquifer also serves as a distribution system. The surplus rainwater can then be used to recharge groundwater aquifers, using artificial recharge techniques.

Rainwater in rural areas can be harvested with:

Although rainwater harvesting has been deemed a desirable concept in recent years, it has yet to be implemented in rural India. Different regions of the country practice a variety of rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge methods.

Who is responsible for promoting this technique for water conservation?

Rural development NGOs dedicated to water conservation and water management prioritize community engagement and awareness-raising. Through various initiatives, they deliver educational programs, host workshops, and launch campaigns to inform individuals about the critical significance of water conservation and promote sustainable water management techniques.

Which Is The Best Rural Development NGO In India?

S M Sehgal Foundation

The Water Management program collaborates with local communities to implement strategies such as rainwater harvesting and infrastructure development. It actively participates in revitalizing traditional water sources, constructing storage facilities, and ensuring proper wastewater disposal. Additionally, the program is pivotal in educating communities about water conservation and enhancing their ability to manage water resources sustainably. Seeking partnership opportunities, it fosters continuous enhancement and the widespread adoption of cost-effective water management solutions.

TACKLING WATER SALINITY

Lakshiwas village is in Anantpura gram panchayat, Behror block, in district Alwar, Rajasthan. 140 families live here, and almost all are farmers. This village is close to two small hills, from where rainwater flowed into the village during the monsoon season. Not only was this water wasted, it flooded the nearby agricultural fields, spoiled the crops, and stagnated further on in the village streets, causing much inconvenience. In February 2019, the project team met with the gram panchayat and community members of Lakshiwas with a proposal to build a pond across the route of the water flowing from the hills, in order to arrest it so that it would recharge the groundwater and prevent the other inconveniences.

The construction of the pond with earthen embankments began in March 2019 and was completed in April 2019. It has a water-holding capacity of 14 million liters. Due to its establishment, all the rainwater from the hills is now collected in the pond, and the damage caused to the nearby crops has stopped. This water has stopped being wasted as it is being percolated into the ground, contributing to the groundwater table. The two dry wells near the pond now have some water. Livestock, wild animals, and birds are also using the pond.

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Since independence in 1947, India has been committed to providing its population access to clean water and maintaining sanitation. Significant progress has been made since 1960, particularly in clean water, sanitation, and hygiene education. India has achieved a score of 56.6 percent in its advancement toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) so far. However, according to the State of India’s Environment Report for 2021, India’s ranking in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has dropped by two places to 117 compared to the previous year. This decline is attributed to the lack of sanitation, which is vital for public health and the economy.

Let’s delve deeper into why.

Dire Need For Hygiene Education In Rural India

In India, diseases caused by untreated water and unhygienic sanitation practices pose a significant public health crisis and severely affect women and children. Poor drainage systems and insufficient water conservation measures hinder sanitation in rural areas. Although the government continues prioritizing sanitation through various campaigns and initiatives, it is important to acknowledge that challenges still exist.

The government has shown dedication to expanding the School Sanitation and Hygiene Education program, providing water and urinal/toilet facilities and promoting health and hygiene practices in rural government schools. This effort began in the year 2005–06, with an emphasis on benefiting the girl child. However, it also relies on its citizens, NGOs, and corporations’ support to strengthen its initiatives and ensure their effective implementation, particularly within rural communities, to address the challenges above.

Is there any NGO in India supporting the government and working toward improving the country’s rural areas?

S M Sehgal Foundation

Since 1999, the top rural development NGO in India, S M Sehgal Foundation (Sehgal Foundation), has been dedicated to enhancing the quality of life of rural communities. This nongovernmental organization operates as a public charitable trust and has a highly skilled and committed team. Together, they develop sustainable programs to tackle the most pressing challenges faced by rural India.

4.35 Million People Reached

With over twenty years of experience in sustainable rural development, Sehgal Foundation’s team has been actively working in twelve states across rural India. They work diligently to create and implement initiatives that encourage collective action and address critical rural development issues. The foundation emphasizes participatory research, the assessment of impacts, interactive dialogues, and community media to make well-informed decisions. Furthermore, they offer training and educational opportunities, all in pursuit of achieving lasting and positive results.

Sensitization And Awareness-Building For WASH Behavior Change

In the Vaishali district of Bihar, this project targets the most vulnerable rural communities, particularly daily wage laborers, in five hamlets.

The primary goal is to raise awareness regarding the importance of safe drinking water, the proper use of toilets, and the significance of handwashing. Through sensitization and awareness-building efforts, the project promotes positive WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) behavior.

Some case stories of individuals living in the study area who have adopted the use of tippy-tap handwashing stations:

Ashok Paswan from Khoksa Kalyan village of Vaishali district emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing illness. He and ten other hamlet families have constructed a tippy-tap handwashing station they learned about during community sessions. The convenience of having soap and water readily available encourages people to use it. Children, in particular, have taken a keen interest in this DIY technology and often compete to create innovative tippy-taps. The project incentivizes children by providing soap to those who install handwashing stations in their homes.

Usha Devi, a resident of Lakhanpur village, highlights the significance of washing hands thoroughly before cooking, eating, or using the toilet.
“Previously, going to the hand pump to wash hands was cumbersome, but having a tippy tap at home has made handwashing much more convenient.”

Shobha Devi, an ASHA worker from Khoksha Kalyan Ward No. 2, stresses that washing hands with soap is a crucial preventive health measure that can protect against illnesses. Scientific evidence confirms that soap and clean water are more effective at removing dirt.

Mamta Devi, a Mohammad Pur Lakhanpur village resident and an anganwadi worker, emphasizes the importance of thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially for children, after using the toilet and before meals, to maintain good health.

Radhika Devi, an anganwadi worker in ward number 6 of Lakhanpur Lal village, explains the proper steps for handwashing. She advises applying soap to both hands and rubbing vigorously for at least ten seconds. Afterward, she suggests rubbing the back of the hands, spaces between the fingers, the thumb, and the nails before rinsing the hands with water and drying them with a clean towel.

These stories from the community illustrate that with sensitization, awareness-building, and reinforcement, people adopt correct and consistent WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) practices in their lives.

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Despite its escalating severity, the global water crisis remains alarmingly overlooked. The depletion of water resources pushes millions into distress, yet discussions on water scarcity are still confined.

The United Nations Water Development Report of 2018 highlights a staggering reality: nearly 3.6 billion individuals, almost half the global population, reside in regions with rapidly declining water levels. The urgency to save and utilize water efficiently is unparalleled as reports of droughts and water deficits continue to surge.

In India, the predicament is especially dire. The escalating population exacerbates the challenge of providing clean drinking water, projecting a harrowing future. By 2030, the demand-supply gap for water will surge from 50% to a staggering 75%.

An unsettling 2019 NITI Aayog report reveals that over 600 million people, nearly half the population, grapple with acute water stress. This difficulty is acutely present in rural areas, where three-quarters of households lack access to clean, piped water, exposing them to grave health risks.

World Bank statistics shed light on the challenging situation within the country.

Lack of Safe Drinking Water

Around 163 million individuals in India are still deprived of access to safe and potable drinking water.

Sanitation Disparities
A distressing 210 million people across India lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

Health Implications of Unsafe Water
Approximately 21% of communicable diseases prevalent in India can be attributed to consuming contaminated and unsafe water.

What Steps Has The Government Of India taken to Control/ Ease Water Stress?

Government’s commitment to addressing water stress has been substantially comprehensive. While progress has been made, challenges persist, particularly in scaling up efforts, improving water use efficiency, and ensuring sustainable water management practices across the country.

Some of the efforts by the Indian government:

Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) -, Water Conservation Campaign (2019)

Launched in July 2019, Jal Shakti Abhiyan mobilizes citizens’ participation in water conservation and rainwater harvesting. It accelerates the implementation of water-related schemes and creates mass awareness about the importance of water conservation. JSA focuses on water-stressed districts and emphasizes the revival of traditional water bodies, watershed development, and afforestation. It has improved water storage, enhanced groundwater levels, and increased awareness about water conservation practices in several areas.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Integrated Watershed Management Program (2015)

This program was launched in 2015 to provide end-to-end solutions for water management in agriculture. PMKSY enhances water use efficiency, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and improves on-farm water management. Through watershed development, water harvesting structures, and efficient irrigation techniques, PMKSY has contributed to increased agricultural productivity, reduced water wastage, and improved livelihoods for farmers.

National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP), Safe Drinking Water Access (2009)

NRDWP, initiated in 2009, provides safe and clean drinking water to rural communities, focusing on water quality monitoring, creating water sources, and ensuring piped water supply to habitations. The program has significantly improved access to safe drinking water, reducing health risks and waterborne diseases in rural areas.

Namami Gange, Ganga Rejuvenation (2014)

The Namami Gange program was launched in 2014 to cleanse and restore the Ganga River, a lifeline for millions, involving initiatives such as sewage treatment plants, riverfront development, and public awareness campaigns. The program has improved water quality in some stretches of the Ganga and raised public consciousness about river pollution.

Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY), Groundwater Management (2016)

ABHY, initiated in 2016, focuses on the sustainable management of groundwater resources through community participation, emphasizing water conservation, aquifer recharge, and efficient groundwater use. This strategy has increased groundwater levels, reduced depletion, and enhanced water availability for irrigation and domestic purposes.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Housing for All (2015)

While not exclusively a water-related scheme, PMAY acknowledges the importance of access to basic amenities, including water supply and sanitation, in urban and rural housing. The scheme indirectly contributes to reducing water stress and enhancing overall living conditions by ensuring proper sanitation and water facilities in households.

The Indian government is putting in considerable effort to curb water stress, but with an estimated population of 1,428,627,663 (in 2023), it also requires reinforcement and support from the people, especially in rural India.

S M Sehgal Foundation

Since its inception in 1999, S M Sehgal Foundation (Sehgal Foundation), the top sustainable rural development NGOs In India, has been enhancing the quality of life within rural communities across India. It was established as a public and charitable trust with a focus on devising sustainable initiatives that address the most pressing challenges faced by rural India. Key program areas include Water Management, Agriculture Development, Transforming Lives one school at a time, Local Participation and Sustainability, with an emphasis on the empowerment of women and girls. With the support of global donors and partners, S M Sehgal Foundation empowers under-recognized groups to take charge of their development journey, fostering progress.

4.35 Million People Reached

By harnessing the power of collective action, Sehgal Foundation designs and implements interventions that target critical rural development challenges. Through participatory research, impact assessments, interactive dialogues, and community media, the foundation teams take well-informed actions, extend training and educational opportunities, and diligently work toward achieving outcomes that stand the test of time.

INNOVATION AND COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS: AN ABSOLUTE NEED

Focusing on United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which emphasizes access to clean water and sanitation for all, S M Sehgal Foundation is actively engaged in the Adarsh Panchayat Bhandari project in Bihar’s Sitamarhi district. This initiative raises awareness about the benefits of hygiene and sanitation within rural communities. Beyond education, the project conducts sanitation campaigns to sensitize and engage the community, inspiring the adoption of healthy practices.

The region faced challenges in wastewater disposal due to inadequate drainage, resulting in water accumulation and related diseases. Sehgal Foundation addressed this by constructing soak pits using locally available materials and minimal assistance.

The soak pit design features a five-foot-deep, four-foot-diameter pit linked to a one-foot by one-foot silt chamber, which efficiently separates solid waste, allowing only water into the pit, regulating water flow, and ensuring smooth drainage. The pit’s size varies based on wastewater volume and soil quality. Through filtration, it separates solid waste, treats wastewater, and replenishes the groundwater table with clean, contaminant-free water. These cost-effective pits require minimal maintenance and effectively contribute to sustainable wastewater management.

ARSENIC REMOVAL IN GROUNDWATER

Groundwater is vital for rural and urban domestic needs, industrial usage, and irrigation purposes in India (Bhattacharya, et al., 2019). However, a potent environmental pollutant, arsenic (As) poses a silent yet significant threat. The concentration of arsenic depends on aquifer geology, geochemical characteristics, and local hydrology. India grapples with arsenic contamination, with states such as Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, and others facing its impact. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) identified 1,657 arsenic-affected habitations in Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Punjab.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) set a ten ppb (parts per billion) arsenic limit in drinking water. Consuming water exceeding this limit adversely affects health, including respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, heightened skin diseases, and cancer risks. Conventional techniques such as adsorption, oxidation, membrane filtration, and ion exchange can mitigate this contamination.

S M Sehgal Foundation introduced JalKalp, an innovative biosand filter technology, effectively addressing manganese, iron, and microbial contamination.

The study had a positive community impact, leading to health improvements and economic benefits. Those who once believed the contaminated water was harmless have adapted to safe drinking water. The foundation raised awareness, educating children in households to disseminate knowledge and create awareness within families.

PRESENT ISSUES AND INSPIRATIONAL STORIES FROM THE WATER DEFICIT REGIONS OF HARYANA

With a dearth of perennial surface water sources, a staggering 78% of Nuh grapples with saline groundwater. A few seasonal ponds provide a modicum of relief for domestic and cattle use. However, these ponds evaporate during peak demand periods, compounding social, economic, and environmental challenges for Nuh’s residents. The resulting predicament forces them to purchase water at high costs or undertake arduous journeys to procure it. This dire shortage of potable water amplifies sanitation and hygiene issues, particularly affecting women. It contributes to the spread of fatal diseases. The vacuum in water availability fuels informal water markets, which, despite their high prices, don’t assure water quality.

In a region heavily reliant on rain-fed agriculture due to limited irrigation resources, families persistently engage in farming to sustain their livelihoods amid the arid climate. The district’s sparse tree cover, worsened by soil salinity and the rugged topography, intensifies summer temperatures.

Addressing the pressing concern of groundwater salinity, S M Sehgal Foundation has amplified rainwater harvesting models to create pockets of freshwater within the saline aquifer. The ingenious recharge well structure captures and replenishes rainwater beneath the groundwater level, thus establishing a freshwater enclave amidst the saline expanse.

In a collaborative effort between S M Sehgal Foundation and the Millennium Alliance, an initiative of the installation of high-pressure recharge wells was seen in four schools in the Nagina block’s water-scarce villages within the Nuh district. To ensure the project’s success and sustainability, the team worked closely with local villagers, inculcating awareness about the project’s objectives and the proper utilization of the wells.

This ensured students’ hydration throughout the school day by providing them access to clean and safe drinking water. Remarkably, students and residents attested to the purity and quality of the water, equating it to the taste of commercially available packaged mineral water.

The positive outcomes of this collaborative endeavor are multifaceted. Beyond curbing salinity issues, it brought about notable enhancements in sanitation and hygiene practices, facilitated the consistent preparation of midday meals, and significantly reduced the dropout rate, particularly among female students.

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Agricultural development in India has undergone a radical shift in recent times. Balancing social inclusiveness and environmental sustainability was tilted to the former in the policy framework. Successive governments have looked at reforms that were concentrated on social and economic aspects as they tried to uplift small farmer incomes and derive an equilibrium in the space. Environmental sustainability was largely ignored in a sector that depended on rain-fed farming operations. About 65 percent of the cultivable land in India is dependent on rainfall.

In India, small farming operations in arid/semi-arid areas often need more productivity, high risk, and poor adoption of modern technology/agricultural practices. These areas account for almost 60 percent of farmers (the majority being smallholders). These areas contribute to nearly 80 percent of the area for pulses, 60 percent for oilseeds, and 40 percent for paddy. The importance of watershed management in these areas thus assumes primary importance.

Even as soil and water degradation are significant issues, climate change and environmental concerns grow. Water tables continue to deplete at an alarming rate as small irrigation sources must be addressed. This has led to a shortage of drinking water and a decline in water quality.

But what is the definition of watershed management?

What Is WATERSHED MANAGEMENT?

The concept of “watershed” was introduced in 1920. In simple terms, watershed refers to “water-parting boundaries.” A watershed system is an area of land draining, and the water can accumulate to a standard outlet for runoff. Water is collected in a “catchment area” from where it flows. In combination, the land and water help accumulate water at a common point. Management of this system is helpful in agriculture as it maintains equilibrium between ecosystems, land and water, and human activities. Besides acting as a buffer in dry regions, it helps to improve soil health. It efficiently stores rainwater for irrigation, thereby enhancing productivity for small farm holders by creating dependable water sources for irrigation and consumption. It ultimately collectively improves stability for small farming communities and provides security from an erratic water supply.

Different watershed systems are unique in their nature and application and will need customization in practice to be effective. This involves the management of land surface and vegetation to conserve soil and water for the benefit of the farming community and society as a whole. Rainwater harvesting is a critical component in watershed management for agriculture and sustainable development. Some of the watershed management structures are described here:

What are the watershed management problems being faced by rural India?

Rural India faces various issues regarding watershed management, including soil erosion, deforestation, declining water quality, and water scarcity. These issues are often compounded by unsustainable agricultural practices, limited access to technical expertise and resources, and inadequate governance and institutional support. Overuse of water resources, lack of proper irrigation infrastructure and farming practices, and changing climatic conditions also contribute to the problem. All of these issues have a significant impact on the rural population, affecting their livelihoods, health, and overall well-being. Effective watershed management strategies must be addressed to improve water resources management in rural India.

What role has the Indian government played in resolving rural India’s watershed management crisis?

The Indian government has taken several steps to resolve the watershed management crisis in rural India. Some of the significant steps include – Integrated Watershed Development Program (IWDP) – Launched in 1989, it is one of India’s longest-running watershed management programs that aim to increase land productivity and improve the socio-economic status of people living in the watershed areas.

National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) – Launched in 1990, it aims to improve soil and water conservation practices, increase agricultural productivity, and raise the income level of farmers in rainfed areas.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – This program provides guaranteed wage employment for 100 days to each household in a year, focusing on water conservation and harvesting works.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – This program focuses on building toilets, improving sanitation, and promoting hygiene practices to prevent water pollution and ensure safe drinking water.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) – Launched in 2015, this scheme aims to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve water use efficiency, enhance adoption of precision irrigation, and improve on-farm water management.

Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) – Launched in 2019, this program focuses on the sustainable management of groundwater resources with community participation. It aims to improve groundwater management by promoting efficient and equitable use, recharge, and harvesting.

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – Launched in 2019, this scheme aims to provide piped water supply to all rural households by 2024, focusing on water conservation, source sustainability, and water quality.

EFFECT OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ON SMALL FARMERS

Small farmers are vulnerable to extraneous factors and circumstances beyond their control. Effective and resource-friendly interventions are needed to mitigate the effect on their livelihood and provide them with a secure future. Simple watershed management techniques can lead to stability and enhancement of their future incomes. Watershed management can result in increased water availability for small farmers, which will further improve . . .

STORIES FROM THE GROUND: EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH WATER AUGMENTATION

Agricultural development in India is dependent on small and marginal farmers. Ensuring they can gain adequate remuneration and gainful employment through their efforts is imperative. The increase in demand for food in a growing nation can be met by providing them with a platform to achieve self-sufficiency and financial security. S M Sehgal Foundation, a rural development NGO in India, has been working since 1999 to improve the quality of life of rural communities in India. With support from donors and partners worldwide, S M Sehgal Foundation’s grassroots programs and development interventions have already reached more than three million people across India. One of the critical focus areas S M Sehgal Foundation has been concentrating on is water management. Some work done by their experienced and qualified team is outlined below.

REJUVENATING A POND IN VILLAGE DHODHAKARI, BEHROR BLOCK, ALWAR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN.

Under a CSR-supported project, S M Sehgal Foundation rejuvenated the pond in the village of Dhodhakari in January 2021. Earlier, the water collection area of the pond was small and surrounded and filled with thorny bushes of keekar. The water catchment area was diminished, and large quantities of rainwater used to forcefully and wastefully flow from the Aravalli hills across and out of the village. This damaged the crops growing in the path of the water.

As part of the project, the catchment area of the pond was increased, leading to its rejuvenation, desilting, and directing the water flow toward the pond. The rainwater now accumulates in the rejuvenated pond, and its capacity has increased four times to 16.8 million liters. The water level of nearby wells for irrigating crops has also increased by ten to fifteen feet.

RECHARGE WELL IN GOVERNMENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, KHERLA, SUPPORTED BY RIO TINTO INDIA PVT LTD

S M Sehgal Foundation and Rio Tinto came up with a low-cost, environment-friendly solution: a recharge well, which helped clear up the waterlogging in the school campus and improve groundwater levels through recharge. Addressing the scarcity of sweet water in the area, the rainwater infiltrates through the recharge well into the ground and helps recharge 1.5 million liters of water/per year. Thus two solutions were handled simultaneously through the recharge well.

Now the students and staff can avoid waterlogging because the rainwater percolates through the recharge well into the ground. The well also helps to recharge the water table, addressing the problem of rapid water depletion. The availability of water has also gone up for farming and consumption.

CONCLUSION

Public Private Partnerships are the way forward in the area of watershed management. The role of NGOs in developing watershed programs is vital because government programs have large budgets directed toward several villages. Individual issues are compromised, and this is where specific and focused interventions come in. Socially oriented organizations are the way forward to carry technical expertise to villages on a particular level. Problem areas can be identified and addressed more effectively. While it is given that watershed management is essential, what is more important is to reach the small farm holders with interventions that can carry forth the government’s vision to double farmer income. Providing them with watershed management programs that are affordable to construct and maintain can be effectively achieved through this route.

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Water scarcity arises from two interrelated factors: escalating freshwater consumption, and the depletion of viable freshwater reserves. Over the past century, global water usage surged at a pace that exceeded twice the population growth rate. Consequently, numerous regions are approaching their sustainable water supply thresholds, particularly in arid areas, where the delivery of water services is increasingly challenging.

The current state of water management in India is complex and challenging. The water-stressed country has a high population density and significant water demand for various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use.

Let’s examine a few of the challenges in water management in India:

Water Scarcity: India faces particularly significant water scarcity issues in regions with low rainfall and limited water resources. Several states experience frequent droughts, water shortages, and depletion of groundwater levels.

Groundwater Depletion: Overexploitation of groundwater has led to declining water tables in many parts of the country. Excessive pumping for irrigation, industrial use, and domestic consumption has resulted in significant groundwater depletion, affecting rural and urban areas.

Irrigation Challenges: Agriculture accounts for India’s largest share of water consumption. Traditional irrigation methods often lead to water wastage. Enhancing irrigation efficiency and promoting sustainable farming techniques are crucial for optimal water management.

Water Pollution: Water pollution is a significant concern in India, with industrial and domestic effluents contaminating rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources. Polluted water poses health risks, affects ecosystems, and exacerbates water scarcity.

What is the solution to this?

Water Management Resources

Water management resources play a crucial role in addressing the challenges associated with water scarcity and conservation. Implementation of water management resources optimizes water use, conserves water, and ensures sustainable water availability. By adopting these resources, individuals, communities, and organizations will contribute to water security, environmental sustainability, and the well-being of present and future generations.

Ten essential water management resources for sustainable living

Implementing efficient water management practices could boost water efficiency and mitigate the impacts of water scarcity. Rural development NGOs in India have the power to generate awareness about the importance of responsible water use, encourage community participation, and support policy reforms for equitable water allocation and sustainable water governance.

Is any NGO working toward generating awareness about water management resources, their implementations, and their benefits?

S M Sehgal Foundation

S M Sehgal Foundation is a sustainable rural development NGO in India dedicated to driving positive social, economic, and environmental transformations in rural areas. As a grassroots implementing NGO, its core mission is to address critical concerns related to water security, food security, local participation, information asymmetry, and the empowerment of women and children.

Let’s take a deeper look at its contributions to rural India.

In Narnaul

The rural communities in India have greatly benefited from traditional water-harvesting systems. Narnaul, located in Mahendragarh, Haryana, is renowned for its agriculture and farming practices. The villagers rely heavily on agricultural yields for their livelihoods. However, the villagers had to endure long waits for water tankers, leading to the rapid depletion of groundwater, severely impacting their lives. It also led to water scarcity for humans and cattle, reducing milk production. To address this issue, S M Sehgal Foundation collaborated with HDFC Bank to construct johads, which are redundant ponds, in Sarelli and Panchnota villages. This joint project, called Parivartan Prayojana, brought about a positive transformation by elevating the water table in the region. The completion of the johads ensured a year-long water supply. The excess water in the pond aids in recharging the water table, resulting in increased groundwater levels. By expanding the diameter and depth of the pond, a larger volume of water can be collected, enabling it to last longer despite evaporation. As a result, wells in neighboring villages also witnessed improved water levels, benefiting more people. This ripple effect has fostered a sense of confidence and awareness among the locals regarding water management and its various uses.

In The Nuh District

Seventy-eight percent of the area faces the challenge of saline groundwater due to the absence of perennial surface water sources. Even the available fresh groundwater tends to be saline, with the salinity increasing as one goes deeper. This situation adversely affects the social, economic, and environmental well-being of the local inhabitants. Accessing water for daily needs is a struggle, with people either having to purchase water or travel long distances on foot to collect water. The scarcity of potable water leads to compromised hygiene and sanitation practices, resulting in the prevalence of life-threatening diseases, particularly among females. To compound matters, informal water markets thrive, and despite the high cost, water quality is not guaranteed.

To address the issue of groundwater salinity, S M Sehgal Foundation developed and implemented an innovative rainwater harvesting model. This model creates freshwater pockets within the saline aquifer. The cornerstone of this approach is the construction of recharge wells that store and replenish rainwater beneath the groundwater table. This eco-friendly and sustainable technology requires no chemical additives or energy inputs.

Nagina Block

Implementing this model has alleviated the burden on schoolchildren, who previously had to carry water bottles daily to school. They now have unrestricted access to safe and clean drinking water, ensuring proper hydration during school hours. Students and local residents have embraced the fact that the water is safe and tastes as refreshing as packaged mineral water available in the market. This development has positively impacted sanitation and hygiene practices, regular cooking of midday meals, and a notable reduction in girls’ dropout rates.

The collaborative efforts of S M Sehgal Foundation and the Millennium Alliance resulted in installing high-pressure recharge wells in these schools. The project also included raising awareness among the villagers about the initiative and the proper utilization of the wells. To address the issue of salinity, the modified design for recharge wells was employed, incorporating roof rainwater harvesting techniques. This approach has played a crucial role in mitigating the salinity problem and ensuring a sustainable water supply.

S M Sehgal Foundation actively operates in twelve states, covering 1959 villages and impacting the lives of more than four million individuals. Over more than two decades, the foundation has focused on both the supply and the demand sides of water management, utilizing its extensive expertise to enhance water resources and enable farmers to attain better returns and lead dignified lives.

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Despite being a water-abundant nation, millions in India are affected by the global water and sanitation crisis. Geographical constraints, poor management practices, and excessive reliance on groundwater contribute to a water crisis in the country, which poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity and livelihoods.

According to a report by the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB, 2021), India uses approximately two-thirds of the extractable groundwater. Over time, per capita water availability has declined from over 5,000 cubic meters per year during independence to 1,545 cubic meters, categorizing India as a water-stressed nation. Projections indicate that by 2025 and 2050, per capita water availability will decline to 1,341 and 1,140 cubic meters, respectively. Effective water management and governance are paramount for India to ensure a sustainable future.

Modern technology plays a crucial role in advancing rural development, and the emergence of digital technology has further expanded its scope. The integration of innovation is driving a transformative shift in sustainable development in water management, which helps us to understand how water management and technology are intertwined.

How is water utilized in agricultural development?

The increasing competition for water, driven by rising temperatures and urbanization, presents a significant challenge to intensive agriculture. Globally, the agriculture sector accounts for over half of all freshwater use. Although agricultural production is projected to grow by about 70% by 2050, a substantial portion of water will need to be reallocated from agriculture to meet the rising demands in other sectors.

This situation underscores the critical importance of sustainable water management in agriculture, with a focus on protecting scarce water resources. The current approach to agricultural water management promotes sustainable practices, improved efficiency in resource allocation, and the preservation of ecosystems. Thus, the long-term viability of agriculture depends on adherence to this model.

What Is The Role Of Technology In Water Management?

Technology empowers water managers, policymakers, and communities with valuable tools and insights to effectively address water-related challenges and ensure the sustainable management of this vital resource.

Data Collection and Analysis

Technology enables real-time collection of data on water quantity, quality, and usage through remote sensing, IoT devices, and sensor networks. This data helps calculate water availability, identify trends, and make informed decisions for efficient water management.

Water Supply and Distribution

Advanced technologies such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, smart meters, and automation enable efficient monitoring and control of water supply networks. These technologies help reduce leaks, optimize water distribution, and ensure equitable access to water resources.

Water Treatment and Purification

Technologies such as advanced filtration systems, membrane technologies, and disinfection processes (i.e., UV and ozone treatment) help treat and purify water from various sources, making it safe for consumption and reducing the risk of waterborne diseases.

Water Conservation

Technology aids in water conservation by developing efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation and precision farming techniques. Additionally, water management software and modeling tools assist in optimizing water usage, reducing wastage, and promoting sustainable water practices.

Water Quality Monitoring

Technology plays a vital role in the continuous monitoring of water quality parameters. Sensors, drones, and remote sensing technologies enable the detection of pollutants, harmful algal blooms, and changes in water quality, ensuring timely remedial actions and safeguarding human and environmental health.

Flood and Drought Management

Advanced forecasting models, satellite imagery, and real-time monitoring systems help predict and manage floods and droughts. This enables early warning systems, effective emergency response, and optimal water allocation during such events.

Public Awareness and Engagement

Technology facilitates the dissemination of information, education, and awareness campaigns about water conservation and sustainable practices. Websites, mobile applications, and social media platforms help engage the public, promote behavioral changes, and foster community participation in water management initiatives.

What are the water management practices for sustainable agriculture?

When creating a water management plan, several key factors must be considered, including local climate, soil conditions, freshwater availability, crop types, and technological capabilities. Developing strategies that account for these variables can help promote sustainable water use and ensure the long-term success of agricultural systems.

Precision Irrigation

Precision irrigation uses technology to water crops more efficiently than traditional methods, which apply water uniformly across fields. Instead, precision irrigation adjusts water application based on the specific needs of crops and environmental conditions. Techniques such as sprinkler irrigation, which disperses water from above, and drip irrigation, which delivers water directly to the roots, are highly effective for different soil types and crop varieties. Additionally, variable-rate irrigation (VRI) further enhances efficiency by allowing precise control over watering cycles.

Incorporating weather forecasts into irrigation planning is also critical. Software algorithms analyze weather predictions, sensor data, and vegetation indices to determine optimal irrigation timing and duration, dynamically adjusting water use based on changing environmental conditions.

Rainwater Use

The concept behind rainwater harvesting is straightforward: collect rainwater during precipitation and store it for future use. This provides an additional water source for agriculture, reducing reliance on external supplies and easing the pressure on rivers, lakes, and aquifers.

Rainwater is cost-free, abundant, and generally low in salts and minerals compared to groundwater or surface water. For example, in Australia, agricultural rainwater tanks are widely installed to support livestock and crops amid persistent drought conditions.

Water-Smart Crop Selection

Selecting drought-resistant and native crops, along with implementing crop rotation, are effective strategies for sustainable water use in agriculture and minimizing the impact of drought on yields. These practices contribute to water efficiency in several ways:

Additionally, practices like cover cropping, mulching, conservation tillage, and enhancing soil quality help retain soil moisture, supporting healthy plant growth and mitigating the effects of drought and water shortages.

Wastewater Treatment

Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation is a sustainable strategy that reduces dependence on limited freshwater resources. Through integrated planning and management, wastewater treatment enables the recycling of water within agricultural systems, lessens pollution from wastewater discharge, and enhances resilience to dry conditions by providing a reliable alternative water source.

Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture in water management combines technological advancements with expert knowledge to optimize the use of water resources. Tools like GPS and GIS technology, along with agricultural mapping and field scouting, provide a comprehensive approach to sustainable water management.

Field scouting, in particular, is essential for monitoring and optimizing water use. It involves using GIS mapping to visualize soil moisture and plant stress variations, and deploying GPS-coordinated sampling points for detailed field assessments. This data-driven approach helps farmers strategically plan irrigation to maximize efficiency and conserve water resources.

How can we leverage innovation in water management by 2025?

So many tech advancements in this space alone! Is anyone benefiting from it?

Well, let’s find out.

How Does Water Management Affect Small Farmers?

Agriculture and development in India rely heavily on smallholder farmers, who constitute nearly 60 percent of the working population. These farmers are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, necessitating the implementation of strategies for their long-term survival and welfare. Effective strategies for addressing this challenge, especially in arid and drought-prone regions, are water management and rainwater harvesting. Significantly positive impacts can be achieved on rural livelihoods by emphasizing water management and adaptation.

According to the Water Poverty Index concept (Sullivan, 2002), the following dimensions are crucial for water use in rural livelihoods:

The impacts of climate change on ecosystems have far-reaching consequences, including adverse effects on food security, public health, water resources, settlements, and infrastructure. Consequently, effective management of water resources is paramount for safeguarding the well-being of the farming community in India.

What are the challenges faced by farmers while adopting and implementing new technology?

While technological advancements offer promising solutions in water management, farmers face the following challenges while adopting and implementing the new technology:

However, as discussed above, Since farmers significantly benefit from water management, the Indian government has launched initiatives with large budgets for several villages.

Initiatives By The Indian Government To Improve Water Management

Is there also a rural development NGO working to improve India’s current water management scenario?

S M Sehgal Foundation

Agricultural development in India relies heavily on the contribution of small and marginal farmers. It is essential to ensure that these farmers receive fair compensation for their efforts and have access to meaningful employment opportunities. S M Sehgal Foundation, a reputable rural development NGO in India, has been dedicated to enhancing the quality of life in rural communities since 1999. Through the generous support of donors and partners worldwide, the foundation has successfully implemented grassroots programs and development initiatives that have positively impacted more than three million people across India. A key area of focus is water management, and the foundation’s experienced and qualified team has undertaken significant work in this field.

REJUVENATING A POND IN VILLAGE DHODHAKARI, BEHROR BLOCK, ALWAR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

In January 2021, under a CSR-supported project, S M Sehgal Foundation rejuvenated the pond in Dhodhakari village. As part of the project, the catchment area of the pond was increased, which led to its rejuvenation, desilting, and directing the water flow toward the pond. The rainwater began accumulating in the rejuvenated pond, and its capacity increased four times to 16.8 million liters. The water level of nearby wells for irrigating crops increased by ten to fifteen feet.

RECHARGE WELL IN GOVERNMENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, KHERLA, SUPPORTED BY RIO TINTO INDIA PVT LTD

A recharge well cleared up the school’s waterlogging and improved the groundwater levels through recharge. Now students and staff can avoid waterlogging as the rainwater is filtered through the recharge well into the ground and helps recharge 1.5 million liters of water per year, solving two situations simultaneously through the recharge well.

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Water is synonymous with life and the most crucial resource for all life, for the protection of the environment, and to mitigate poverty. Having safe water for drinking, personal use, and irrigation is a key factor in promoting development. The vast majority of the population of India lives with abysmal standards of hygiene and sanitation, with little or no access to uncontaminated water. Add water wastage to this, and we have an alarming situation in rural India and in its burgeoning metropolises. During summer months, the condition goes from bad to worse in many arid regions. Unchecked extraction of groundwater to meet agriculture and industrial and domestic demands continues to harm rural and urban settlements leading to an environmental crisis.

India’s water sector problem is further compounded by competition for resources, excessive focus on increasing supply, and the lack of proper management. This is part of an environmental crisis that is quantified by the World Bank estimates to be 4.5 percent of GDP. Most of this is the result of the health impact of water pollution.

Fluoride Contamination: The Silent Killer

In the absence of a reliable water supply and purification infrastructure, India experiences high water stress, especially in arid regions. Water stress is exacerbated by the skew between withdrawals (i.e., domestic, agricultural, and industrial water uses) and available renewable water supplies.

This leads to water scarcity and excessive dependence on groundwater to meet water needs. Water is a renewable resource and requires abundant rainfall for recharging surface and groundwater reserves. However, scanty and erratic rainfall leads to depleting reserves. The population must rely on groundwater, which is assumed to be the purest form of water available. However, the deeper one goes, the more contaminated the water is. Groundwater dependence leads to extraction from greater depths. This groundwater passes through fluoride-rich rocks that dissolve the fluoride, and the result is an unacceptable level of fluoride in the water. This brackish water that is salty in taste is contaminated with fluoride, which causes several health issues.

In addition, the popular ingredient, rock salt, often used in cooking, is leading to the consumption of high levels of fluoride. Rock salt is used for cooking across India and goes by different names: Kala, Lahori, or Sandha namak (salt).

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets the safe limit of fluoride consumption at 1·5 parts per million (ppm), or milligram (mg) per liter. Rock salt is known to contain fluoride levels as high as 157 parts per million, while groundwater concentration is as high as 48 milligrams per liter in some areas.

This fluoride overconsumption poses an array of health threats that often go undetected.

Fluoride Contamination: Health Issues

While fluoride is considered a necessary compound for human health in low concentration, exposure to high concentrations leads to a serious condition known as fluorosis. Fluorosis is primarily categorized as skeletal and dental fluorosis, though it also leads to other severe complications.

Dental Fluorosis. Excess consumption of fluoride causes loss of luster in the dental enamel. Dental fluorosis is visible by white, opaque areas on the tooth surface. When severe, the stains turn yellowish brown to black, and the teeth start pitting.

Skeletal Fluorosis. This affects children as well as adults. In the advanced stage, fluoride deposits in joints of neck, knee, pelvic and shoulder bones make it difficult to move or walk. Symptoms include joint pain, back stiffness, burning sensation, tingling in limbs, muscle weakness, and chronic fatigue. In advanced stages, it causes osteoporosis and bony outgrowths. Vertebrae sometimes get fused and may lead to crippling. It can also lead to bone cancer, and finally damage the spine, major joints, muscles and the nervous system.

Other Issues. In extreme cases, fluoride leads to low hemoglobin, headache, skin rashes, nervousness, neurological problems, gastrointestinal problems, urinary tract malfunctioning, abdominal pain, reduced immunity, gynecological issues, male sterility, etc. Excess fluoride also leads to liver, kidney, digestive, and respiratory issues.

Preventing Fluorosis

Dental fluorosis is irreversible, and its treatment entails expensive procedures that may not be available to the rural population. Skeletal fluorosis, on the other hand, has no specific treatment. Thus, prevention and control by way of safe water and safe food consumption is the best approach to mitigate fluorosis. Managing fluorosis requires interventions by way of safe drinking water and proper nutrition. The disease is preventable using these interventions.

Availability of safe drinking water

Drinking water could be made available to people through the following methods.

Fluoride removal from water

This is the conventional and the best method for safe water to the affected communities. It entails bringing down of fluoride levels to the required level through water treatment. Fluoride reduction can be achieved through:

In rural India, municipal water supply is often not available or inadequate. Hence, the best way forward is to remove fluoride at the household level. However, this intervention is expensive and may not be practical at community level. Fluoride removal can also be achieved by chemical precipitation. This method involves addition of chemicals to react with the fluoride in the contaminated water that precipitates the fluoride and can be removed from water. This method is cost-effective, efficient, and is used at community level in some arid and far-flung rural areas. Water storage facilities and aquifers in arid and far-flung rural areas are used to purify water with this method.

Rainwater harvesting through existing wells is also a proven and effective and affordable method to reduce the groundwater fluoride concentration in the long run. Traditionally many states in India depended on ponds, lakes, and shallow-dug wells for drinking water. Over a period of time, tube wells were drilled in the ground. These brought out contaminants like fluoride to various places

Rainwater harvesting, a key method used in water conservation, involves the collection of rainwater from rooftops or other hard surfaces before the surface runoff. This helps in water conservation and replenishes the groundwater.

Using rainwater instead of groundwater, or diluting the contaminated groundwater with rainwater, is an effective solution to tackle the contamination of groundwater resources. Reducing the concentration of fluoride in groundwater can be achieved by artificial recharge. Rainwater harvesting and the use of percolation tanks and recharge pits are helpful to tackle fluoride content. The recharge of rainwater after filtration through the existing wells is also used to improve the groundwater quality.

Rainwater is collected from buildings, roofs, and other sources. There are two ways of harvesting rainwater.

(i) Surface runoff harvesting, and
(ii) Rooftop rainwater harvesting.

The water can then be stored or diverted to an artificial recharge system. This method is less expensive and highly effective.

S M Sehgal Foundation Contributions

A lack of a proper water supply system means that a vast majority of the population must rely upon groundwater. Fluoride content in groundwater has been a perennial problem to human society. Rocks are the main source of fluoride contamination of groundwater. With the dependence of communities on groundwater for their personal and other needs, remedial measures are critical for the health of communities.

People are unaware of the consequences of consuming contaminated water or the link with fluorosis. It is important to make the people understand the implications and consequences of this crippling disease that can be prevented. The need of the hour is for community awareness, and the role of sustainable rural development NGOs in India can play a pivotal role in this regard.

Working With Fluoride Affected Communities

S M Sehgal Foundation (Sehgal Foundation) is a rural development NGO in India that is leading initiatives to improve the quality of life of rural communities in India. Established in 1999, S M Sehgal Foundation program areas are: Water Management, Agriculture Development, Local Participation, and Sustainability, Transform Lives one school at a time, and Outreach for Development. Sehgal Foundation has a skilled and dedicated team that creates sustainable programs to address rural India’s most pressing needs.

Sehgal Foundation has been working to mitigate fluorosis through a pilot project in Nuh, Haryana. The approach comprises:

S M Sehgal Foundation’s effort on fluorosis mitigation is a step toward achieving India’s goal for sustainable and inclusive development by providing access to safe drinking water. In addition to developing suitable technology, the initiative requires soft techniques such as awareness campaigns, sensitization, setting examples, etc., for behavioral change. The efforts to mitigate fluorosis cover technical and normative fronts and include establishing forward and backward linkages. The goals are to test the technology’s suitability in varied conditions, achieve contextual adoption and scale up successful solutions, and advocate for their adoption by the State Public Health Engineering Department.

The fight against fluorosis continues . . .

Drinking water standards for fluoride ion have been prescribed by various authorities, which helps to limit the occurrence of fluorosis when followed properly.

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